- Arithmetic return
- The simple average of periodic returns. It describes an average period, not the compounded growth of one dollar.
- Geometric return
- The constant annual rate that links a starting value to an ending value. It reflects compounding and volatility drag.
- Real and nominal dollars
- Nominal dollars are the amounts shown at the time. Real dollars remove assumed inflation so purchasing power is comparable across years.
- Total return
- Price change plus distributions, before or after costs and taxes as stated. A cash payment is only one component.
- Terminal wealth
- Portfolio value at the end of the modeled horizon. It depends on cash-flow timing, returns, costs, taxes, and the unit used.
- Volatility drag
- The gap between arithmetic and compounded return created by fluctuating returns. Larger swings generally widen the gap.
- Sequence risk
- The risk that poor returns arrive when withdrawals make recovery difficult, even if the long-run average return is unchanged.
- Idiosyncratic risk
- Company-specific risk that broad diversification can largely remove without requiring a lower market exposure.
- Monte Carlo simulation
- A set of model-generated paths used to examine a range of outcomes under stated assumptions. It is not a probability forecast unless the model is calibrated for that purpose.
- Distribution and income
- A distribution is cash paid to an owner. Its source may be income, realized gain, borrowed money, principal, or a mixture.
- Net asset value
- The per-share value of a fund’s assets minus liabilities. A closed-end fund can trade above or below that value.
- Tax-loss harvesting
- Realizing a loss to offset taxable gains or income while maintaining an intended exposure. Wash-sale rules and later realization can reduce the benefit.
- Separately managed account
- A portfolio of securities owned directly by a client and managed under a mandate. Personalization and tax-lot control come with fees and implementation constraints.
- Vig
- The share of turnover a two-way posted price extracts if the book is balanced: 1 − 1/overround. On −110/−110 it is 4.545 cents per dollar. It is not the same quantity as hold.
- Hold
- Gross gaming revenue divided by handle over a period. It moves with mix, limits, and one-sided action. A year’s hold is a measured mix, not the juice on one moneyline.
- Overround
- The sum of implied probabilities on a complete market. A fair two-way book sums to 1. Everything above 1 is the house.
- Implied probability
- The win rate baked into American or decimal odds, including juice. It is the break-even hurdle for that side, not a forecast of the event.
- Break-even win rate
- The true win probability at which expected value is zero after the posted price or fee. Below it, more activity loses more money.
- Favorite–longshot bias
- The regular finding that long shots are overbet relative to their win frequency. Calibration of a price and profitability of buying the long shot are different sentences.
- Kelly criterion
- The bankroll fraction that maximizes long-run geometric growth for a known edge. It is zero when expected value is not positive, and it is usually smaller than a recreational stake.
- Statistical power
- The chance a test detects an effect of a stated size. A two-point betting edge needs thousands of independent trials before a winning season is evidence rather than weather.
- Taker fee
- A charge paid by the side that crosses the spread on a prediction market. Common schedules are of the form C · r · p · (1 − p) and peak near a 50-cent contract. Makers are often uncharged.
- Intrinsic value
- A framework-dependent estimate of value from future cash flows, use, or other fundamentals. Bitcoin has no contractual owner cash flow, so a monetary-premium scenario is not a discounted-cash-flow valuation.
- Bearer control
- The practical ability to authorize a transfer with valid signing authority. It can reduce reliance on a custodian while adding key, recovery, physical-security, and estate responsibilities.
- Spot crypto ETP
- An exchange-traded security whose vehicle holds a crypto asset through service providers. The shareholder owns the security and generally cannot use or individually redeem the vehicle’s on-chain asset.
- Payment stablecoin
- A token intended to be redeemed for a fixed monetary value. Its stability depends on the issuer, reserves, redemption rights, contract controls, banking access, law, and the network carrying it.